Background: In order to study the influence of long-term growth process and evolution environment on intestinal bacteria of different breeds, the intestinal bacteria and volatile fatty acids among the faeces of Min, Landrace and Yorkshire pigs were analysed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the 16S-rDNA and gas chromatography.

Results: The shared core microbiota of Landrace, Yorkshire and Min pig were 1273, accounting for 69.56% of total abundance of organisms. The proportion of Firmicutes in Min pig faeces (57.89%) was significantly higher than that in Landrace and Yorkshire pig faeces (47.01% and 46.40%, respectively) (P < 0.05), but that of Bacteroidetes was exactly opposite. Moreover, Min pig presented more highly efficient membrane transport, environmental adaptation, carbohydrate transport, and metabolism than Yorkshire pig (P < 0.05). The acetic acid/total volatile fatty acid ratio in Min pig was significantly higher than that in Landrace pig (P < 0.05), and the isobutyric acid/ total volatile fatty acid ratio in Min pig was significantly larger than that in Yorkshire pig (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the content of branched chain volatile fatty acids in Min pig was significantly higher than that in Yorkshire pig (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Min pig, as an excellent breed in the cold area of China, possessed special intestinal floral structure compared to the imported pigs in order to satisfy their physiological and metabolic demands, which may influence their characteristics such as resistance to cold, diseases, and crude feeding, and the ability to deposit intramuscular fat.