Javier Santander Juan Carlos Espinoza María Soledad Campano James Robeson* *Corresponding author Financial support:
Vice-Rectoria de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Universidad Católica
de Valparaíso. Proyecto D.I.UCV 122.770.2002.
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used as a model system to study bacterial pathogenesis due to ease of manipulation and a detailed knowledge of its biology. Several bacterial pathogens, both Gram positive and Gram negative, have been reported to infect and kill C. elegans (Couillault and Ewbank, 2002). Recently, C. elegans has been used to elucidate molecular mechanisms of virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gallagher and Manoil, 2001) infection by Burkholderia paseudomallei (O'Quinn et al. 2001) and S. typhimurium, a bacterium that persistently infects the C. elegans intestine and finally kills the nematode (Aballay et al. 2000; Aballay and Ausubel, 2001). Furthermore S. enteritidis and S. dublin have also been shown to kill C. elegans (Aballay et al. 2000). On the other hand, S. typhi is considered to be a pathogen restricted to human hosts (Pascopella, et al. 1995) and therefore not many cell or animal systems are available to study S. typhi pathogenesis. Here, we report that the S. typhi Ty2 WHO reference strain does not kill C. elegans but can infect the nematode's intestinal lining. Consequently, C. elegans is suitable for exploring cell invasion by S. typhi and possibly its persistence in this host.
Growth of bacteria and C. elegans Both Wild Type (WT) and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagged bacteria were used. The latter contained the plasmid pSU2007 that codes for GFP and Kanamycin resistance (Kmr). S. typhi Ty2 WT, S. typhi Ty2 pSU2007, S. typhimurium SL1344, S. typhimurium SL1344 pSU2007, Escherichia coli MT102 pSU2007 and E. coli OP50 were grown in Luria-Bertani medium (Miller, 1972) at 37ºC. The nematode C. elegans WT N2 Bristol was propagated on NG agar, fed with E. coli OP50 (Brenner, 1974). Assays
were performed according to Aballay et al. 2000.
Dead nematodes were counted every 24 hrs. and removed from the assay
plates. Thus, we determined the time it takes for 50% of the nematodes
to die (TD50).
Nematodes infected with different GFP-tagged bacteria, were suspended in M9 salts solution (Miller, 1972) for 10 min., centrifuged and finally suspended in M9 with 30 mM sodium azide, used as anesthesic (Aballay et al. 2000). After the worms ceased to move they were observed by epifluoresence microscopy at 460-490 nm using a Olympus BX 60 microscope. Images were obtained using an Olympus C3030-Zoom digital camera. A total of 50 specimens were examined, coming from four independent C. elegans - S. typhi Ty2 plates.
Recently, Aballay et al. 2000 have reported a TD50 of 7,6 +/- 0,7 days for a nosocomial isolate of S. typhi (strain 469) in a 10 day experiment designed to assay killing by S. typhimurium SL1344. However, when assaying the WHO reference strain S. typhi Ty2 we found that it does not kill C. elegans in a 22 day assay (Figure 1). We found TD50's of 14,94 days for S. typhi Ty2 WT, 15,56 days for S. typhi Ty2 pSU2007, 11 days for E. coli OP50 and 4,97 days for S. typhimurium SL1344. No swelling of the intestine that was observed in S. typhi Ty2 infected C. elegans (Figure 2a and Figure 2b) in contrast with S. typhimurium SL1344 infected nematodes (Figure 2c and Figure 2d). In addition, we saw that S. typhi Ty2 invades the worm's intestinal lining (Figure 2a). This is consistent with a reduced reproductive rate we observed for C. elegans grown in S. typhi Ty2 (48,2 worms/ml/day) when compared to the reproductive rate of E. coli OP50 grown nematodes (96,2 worms/ml/day). These results suggest that nematodes, such as C. elegans, might act as temporal reservoirs for this bacterium. In this respect, Tesser et al. 2001 have reported carriage of S. typhi inside environmental protozoa, which act as potential reservoirs. The fact that C. elegans infected with S. typhi remains viable and active suggests that bacterivorous nematodes might play a role in the dispersal of S. typhi. We are currently testing this possibility in view of recent evidence (Chadfield et al. 2001) indicating that the poultry parasitic nematode Ascaridia galli is involved in the dispersal of S. typhimurium. In this case, the bacterium infects A. galli but does not kill it, thus promoting its own dissemination. Finally, the C. elegans - S. typhi Ty2 association allows to address questions about invasiveness of S. typhi in a whole organism system, with the added advantage of the detailed knowledge pertaining the genetics and molecular biology of C. elegans. This is a complementary approach to a simpler cultured cell system expressing a surface receptor for S. typhi that has been described earlier (Pier et al. 1998). Furthermore, the C. elegans system could be useful in elucidating differences in host specific adaptations between S. typhi and S. typhimurium, considering that the latter remains in the intestinal tract during the lethal infection of C. elegans (Aballay et al. 2000).
We thank Dr. Guido Mora (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) who provided S. typhi Ty2, Dr. Alejandro Aballay (Harvard Medical School) for C. elegans, S. typhimurium SL1344 and E. coli OP50, Dr. Soren Mölin (Molecular Ecology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Denmark) for E. coli MT102 pSU2007 and Dr. Juan Kuznar (Universidad de Valparaíso) for use of epifluorescence microscopy facilities.
Aballay, A.; Yorgety, P. and Ausubel, F.M. Salmonella typhimurium proliferates and establishes a persistent infection in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology, November 2000, vol. 10, no. 23, p. 1539-1542. Aballay, A. and Ausubel, F.M. Programmed cell death mediated by ced-3 and ced-4 protects Caenorhabditis elegans from Salmonella typhimurium-mediated killing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, February 2001, vol. 98, no. 5, p. 2735-2739. Brenner, S. The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics, May 1974, vol. 77, p. 71-94. Couillault, C. and Ewbank, J.J. Diverse bacteria are pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans. Infection and Immunity, August 2002, vol. 70, no. 8, p. 4705-4707. Chadfield, M.; Permin, A.; Nasen, P. and Bisgaard, M. Investigation of the parasitic nematode Ascaridia galli (Shrank, 1788) as a potential vector for Salmonella enterica dissemination in poultry. Parasitology Research, April 2001, vol. 87, no. 4, p. 317-325. Gallagher, L.A. and Manoil, C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 kills Caenorhabditis elegans by cyanide poisoning. Journal of Bacteriology, November 2001, vol. 183, no. 21, p. 6207-6214. Miller, J.H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1972. 466 p. ISBN 0-87969-106-9. O'Quinn, A.L.; Wiegand, E.M. and Jeddeloh, J.A. Burkholderia pseudomallei kills the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using an endotoxin-mediated paralysis. Cellular Microbiology, June 2001, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 381-393. Tesser, B.; Aranda E. and Mora G.C. Salmonella typhi es capaz de sobrevivir en el interior de protozoos ambientales. In: XXIII Congreso Chileno de Microbiología. (28th-30th November, 2001, Tomé, Chile). Abstracts, 2001. p. 52. Pascopella, L.; Raupach, R.; Ghori, N; Manack, D.; Falkow, S. and Small, P.L.C. Host restriction phenotypes of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella gallinarum. Infection and Immunity, November 1995, vol. 63, no. 11, p. 4329-4335. Pier, G.B.; Grout, M.; Zaidi, T.; Meluleni, G.; Muesschenborn; S.S.; Banting, G.; Ratcliff, R.; Evans, M.J. and Colledge, W.H. Salmonella typhi uses CFTR to enter intestinal epithelial cells. Nature, May 1998, vol. 393, no. 7, p. 79-82. |
|
Note: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology is not responsible if on-line references cited on manuscripts are not available any more after the date of publication. | ||